Regulation
Regulation (EU) 2022/1925

Digital Markets Act

Regulation, European Union
Effective: May 2, 2023 Enforced by: European Commission (sole enforcer) Last reviewed May 9, 2026

Overview

The Digital Markets Act targets the largest digital platforms designated as 'gatekeepers.' Unlike the DSA which applies broadly, the DMA applies only to designated gatekeepers and imposes specific obligations to ensure fair and contestable digital markets.

As of 2024, six gatekeepers have been designated: Alphabet (Google), Amazon, Apple, ByteDance (TikTok), Meta, and Microsoft. These companies must allow users to un-install pre-installed apps, enable third-party app stores, provide data portability, not self-preference in search rankings, and not use business users' data to compete against them.

For platform governance, the DMA directly restricts how gatekeepers can structure their terms of service. Terms requiring exclusive use of a gatekeeper's payment system or preventing users from linking to external offers may violate DMA obligations.

Penalties

Up to 10% of worldwide annual turnover. Up to 20% for repeated infringements. Periodic payments up to 5% of daily turnover.

Key Articles & Sections

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